نشریه دانش آب و خاک
سال سی و دوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

In this study, based on precipitation amounts, precipitation time intervals occurrence and evapotranspiration, rainfed Potential Index (RPI) was introduced to assess the capacity of dryland farming areas Which is very important in potential of rainfed issue due to containing the impact of precipitation remaining in soil; since precipitation remaining related to soil water content capacity and will be effective on yield production, therefore, behavior of rainfed wheat yield was discussed against RPI index various in the East Azerbaijan province and a model were developed to estimate the rainfed wheat yield using PRI. The results showed that the highest and lowest mean rainfed potential index ((RPI) ̅) and frequencies of RPI with more than (RPI) ̅ amount were in Maragheh and Sahand plains, respectively. Investigations showed that the precipitation occurrence multiplicity is not representing a high potential alone for rainfed farming. Since, Bostanabad area with the highest occurrence value (945 times) due to high frequency of trace rains (less than 1.4 mm/d) was not showed good yield production in during the study years. Generally, according to that the southern and western regions of province have high and low rainfed farming potential and RPI, respectively. Also, the proposed model calibration coefficients, both in the province scale and all stations except Sahand with P-value less than 0.01 or 0.05 were valid to estimate the wheat yield based on the new presented index.

High kinetic energy of supercritical flow formed from spillways as well as middle and bottom outlets of the dam body are commonly considered a water jet. This flow type in interaction with the erodible bed can endanger the stability of structures located in its path. The main purpose of this study is to assess the mechanisms of flow and scour due to simultaneous operations of wall and impinging jets. To this end, the flow pattern and the scouring process has been simulated by Flow3D. First, the numerical model results are validated against experimental data. Then the velocity vectors, secondary currents due to the collision of water jets, and the geometric parameters of scour (e.g., scour depth, scour length, and ridge height) are investigated at various stages from the beginning of the scouring process to the equilibrium. The results of the flow pattern analysis indicated that by the collision of water jets, a single clockwise rotating vortex is formed at intersection of the jets. The latter vortex leads to further erosion of a sediment bed. Flow separation occurs at the top of the ridge due to the accumulation of the eroded sediments at the downstream of the scour hole over time. A counter-clockwise vortex is generated at the upstream of the ridge as a result of the flow separation. Investigation of the scour mechanism demonstrated that the highest scouring propagation rate occurs during the early stages of the scouring process.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) has been known as iron rich vegetable but in many cases it not only lacks enough iron but accumulates a high amount of nitrate due to irrigation with polluted water around the cities. It seems that Pseudomonas species could diminish nitrate accumulation by inducing nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and could increase iron uptake by producing siderophore. In a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications, spinach plants were inoculated with bacteria (Pseudomons fluorescens Cha0, P.putida Tabriz and non-bacterial) and treated with three levels of nitrogen (0, 125 and 250 mg N Kg-1 as urea).Statistical analysis showed that with increasing levels of nitrogen in soil from 0 to 250 mg kg-1 nitrate concentration and iron was significantly increased in shoot while shoot nitrate reductase activity had not significant changes. By applying the bacteria, nitrate reductase activity was significantly increased in shoot and the most NRA about 180.51% was observed in plant inoculated with P.putida compared to the non non inoculated treatments. Nitrate concentration showed about 32.98% decrease P.putida compared to control. Also iron concentration, increased up to 40 and 26.85% in shoot in P.putida and P.fluorescens treated plants, respectively compared to the non-bacterial. Based on the result obtained in this study, The highest decrease in nitrate accumulation, the highest nitrate reductase activity and iron cocentration in spinach shoots were achieved by P.putida inoculation.

Since Gridded data provide a new solution for estimating rainfall with spatial and temporal variability, this study evaluates the performance of three gridded rainfall data sets PERSIANN, CMORPH and GLDAS and combines them with stepwise method in Upstream of the Idenak hydrometric station, the output of these products was compared with the rainfall data measured at the ground at the Dehno, Qaleh-Raeisi, Idenak and Margon stations. The results show that the combined data based on RMSE values had the best performance in all stations and the lowest value was estimated in Margon station with a value of 5.5 mm; Also, in terms of correlation coefficient parameter, the combined data provide more linear correlation with observational data, so that the maximum linear correlation coefficient is equal to 0.497. The results also show that the use of data combination will improve the spatial distribution of rainfall in both wet and dry seasons. The results of research on rainfall distribution indicate that the data combination has not been successful in estimating the number of rainfall events by different classes and the PERSIANN data set provides more appropriate results.

Population growth, increasing competition in various sectors of water consumption (industry, drinking, and agriculture), and limited water resources require the need for proper management and optimal use of water resources. Irrigation and drainage networks play an important role in the economic development of the region and the main factors of their structure change during the operation period. So that a single management program over time, can not meet the needs of the operation and this issue, reduces the efficiency of networks compared to the expected performance at the time of design. Poor performance of irrigation networks and their effect on reducing water productivity in the agricultural sector has necessitated the need to provide effective methods for the proper operation of irrigation networks. What has not regained its proper importance and status is the operation of networks in a scientific manner and under the principles of the original plan and to increase the productivity of the water consumption unit. Low irrigation efficiency reducing the useful life of irrigation facilities, increasing the costs of managing the operation and maintenance of irrigation networks, and increasing the government's financial losses are among the common problems of irrigation networks in Iran. Conventional design and operation of irrigation networks due to the lack of tools to comply with the rules of operation with the changing needs of water time, causes significant losses in the networks.For this reason, the present study was conducted to examine and determine appropriate options for managing the delivery and distribution of water in terms of space in the network.

In this regard, part of the irrigation and drainage network of Gavoshan, in the south of Kurdistan province was considered. The main channel of the network covers 2854 ha of downstream lands, which includes 9 rural cooperatives. A total of 14 intakes ranges were considered along the route, including 2 inverted siphons at the beginning of the network, 13 duckbill weir, and 23 intakes (18 farm intakes and 5 main and grade 2 intakes). 4 different operation periods were considered. 4 operation scenarios were studied based on the evaluation indices of distribution adequacy, efficiency, and reliability. To perform simulations and evaluate the performance of the main network from the perspective of operation in this study, the hydrodynamic model SOBEK, Ver. 2.12.002 was used.

According to the results obtained from the studied indicators for the S1 operation scenario (designed based on discharge at peak consumption), the average values of the adequacy, efficiency, and reliability indices were obtained 0.80, 0.96, and 0.24, respectively. in the second scenario, the average adequacy, efficiency, and reliability indicators were 0.71, 0.84, and 0.34, respectively. Accordingly, it can be concluded that for the S2 operation scenario, the distribution efficiency index for the main network was moderate and the distribution of water throughout the network based on the above index was relatively acceptable. However, the performance of the main network in water distribution based on adequacy and reliability indicators has been very poor and unfavorable, so that most of the cooperatives in the main network, have received water unequally and unfairly. According to the obtained results for the S3 operation scenario, the average values of the total indicators of adequacy, efficiency, and reliability were estimated to be 0.62, 0.71, and 0.46, respectively. Unauthorized withdrawals along the main channel were also one of the factors aggravating the decrease in evaluation indicators in different scenarios.

The results showed that the technical specifications and design of the channel are closely related to the design discharge of the channel as well as the pattern of channel operation. So that during the design, the channel should be designed based on the design discharge of the entrance to the channel, as well as the operating pattern appropriate to it. In this case, the evaluation indicators used were favorable. However, in the current conditions of the network, the technical specifications of which have not been completed and the pattern of operation and discharge of the channel do not comply with it, the lowest values were obtained for the evaluation indicators. Therefore, to improve the quality of water distribution in the network and increase the operation indicators, the technical specifications of the network should be completed and water intake should not be taken in its current form.In the current operation of the network, in addition to the problem of how to draw water from the canal and also the inflow of much less than the discharge of the channel design, unauthorized withdrawals from the canal have caused several problems of operation. In such a way that it has a direct effect on each operation indicators and minimizes them. Therefore, stopping unauthorized withdrawals from the channel in order to improve the quality of water distribution in the network is essential. It is also very important and necessary to create a mechanism to control the discharge of cooperatives located in the upstream part of the network in order to increase the indicators of adequacy and justice in the whole network.

Societal needs elicit focus to new water sources including water extraction and developing adaptation to indigenous, climatic, economic and social conditions. The initial step in developing water extraction from humidity was determining optimal extraction areas with appropriate conditions. For this purpose, humidity and temperature criteria were collected utilizing satellite imagery which included soil type, surface wind speed, and 50 cm deep soil temperature data. Subsequently, criterion was mapped out based upon the role and importance of each factor obtained using hierarchical analysis in a GIS v10.2 environment. Employing linear phase functions, the information layer was phased and layers were subsequently combined using the 0.9 gamma phases function. Resultant findings of water extraction from humidity utilizing a condensing system revealed ~13.1 percent of Sistan and Baluchestan southern provinces (along Makran and Chabahar coasts), and its western Deligan region laid in very appropriate and appropriate areas. Conversely, about 83.9 percent of northern and eastern province areas were determined to lay in inappropriate extraction areas.

Climate change, the rise of global temperature, the water crisis, along with the growth of the world's population have made the world's food supply a challenge for researchers. For this reason, it is necessary to predict and simulate plant products in accordance with the climatic conditions. In this study, the relationships of meteorological parameters and standard precipitation index (SPI) and reconnaissance drought index (RDI) with yields of the rainfed wheat, barley and alfalfa plants were studied in three regions in East Azarbaijan province. For each of the temperature, rainfall, evapotranspiration and SPI and RDI parameters, the time intervals of three to nine months were considered in the period from 2004 to 2014. Then, using support vector regression (SVR) and genetic and programming (GP), the production amounts of the three studied plants were predicted. In addition, the accuracy of the mentoned methods in predicting the performance of dry crop products was evaluated using root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) statistics. Results showed that in Tabriz for alfalfa, GP method with RMSE= 0.17 (kg ha-1), in Maragheh for the alfalfa, SVR with RMSE= 0.56 (kg ha-1) and in Sarab for barely, SVR method with RMSE=0.20 (kg ha-1) had more precise predictions. It can be stated that the use of climatic factors and drought indicators of autumn, winter and spring seasons have significant effects on increasing the accuracy of soft computing techniques in predicting the performance of rainfed products.

Solid carriers are materials that can protect population of microorganisms in the long time and they dont have toxic effect on bacteria. This experiment was performed to chek the effect of a few combination of solid inoculant of bacteria Enterobacter cloacae S16-3 on growth of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) cultivar hayola 308. Solid inoculants of this bacterium were prepared using different carriers including: bagasse, peat, hydrochar, biochar, sawdust, perlite and bagasse:perlit, hydrochar:perlit, biochar:perlit, sawdust:perlit (with ratio 1:1 w/w), then after six months, bacteria population was counted and finally the effect of biofertilizers inoculant was checked with rapeseed inoculation in a pot culture. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in greenhouse by considering 10 treatments of solid carriers, a negative control treatment, a positive control containing 100 and 70 percent of NPK. The results of this study showed that the NPK100 and NPK70 treatments increased the amount of N, P, Fe, Zn and Ca. The results of oil content and fatty acid analysis showed that in all treatments except for peat and biochar, oil content increased. GC results indicated that oil quality was affected by bacterial inoculation treatment and bagasse:perlite treatment increased the percentage of oleic acid. Finally, according to this study the hydrochar, biochar:perlite and bagasse:perlite carriers will be recommended.

The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate five different methods of estimating the evapotranspiration of the reference plant on a nine-year daily data scale in Yazd province. Selected methods included Hargreaves-Samani (HS) , Priestley-Taylor (PT) , Turk (Turc) , Makkink (MK) and Dalton (D). For this purpose, data from ten synoptic meteorological stations were used covering a period of 9 years. The results of the mentioned methods were evaluated by FPM-56 method. Also, using FPM-56 method, the mentioned methods were calibrated for the studied stations. Also, using FPM-56 method, the mentioned methods were calibrated for the studied stations. RMSE, NS, SI, MAE, R^2 statistical criteria were used to evaluate the results. The results showed that before calibration the results of different methods are very different from FPM-56. The only acceptable model before calibration was the HS model. After calibration, the results of the models improved and model D, which was the worst model before calibration, was recognized as the best model for estimating evapotranspiration in Yazd province among the five selected methods. Mean values of Model D before calibration MAE = 3.83, R^2= 0.84, NS = -1.99, SI = 0.83, RMSE = 4.21 and after calibration MAE=0.83, R^2=0.86, NS=0.72, SI = 0.22, RMSE=1.02 was obtained. After calibration, Turc, PT and MK models were in the next categories of the best models.

In this study, the bed topography changes around a single and two-rows opened groins ‎experimentally studied. The experiments carried out for different percentages of opening, different ‎distances of two rows of rods and differents Froude Numbers. The two-row rods groins considered ‎by two geometrical arrangement, in one condition the two rows of rods of opened groin placed ‎Zigzag and, in the other case, the two-row rods placed along with each other. The results showed ‎that the effect of increasing the Froude number on the maximum scour depth in the case of two-‎row along each other groin is greater than zigzag. So, As the Froude number increases from 0.22 to ‎‎0.3, the maximum scour depth in the two-row along each other case becomes 86% more than the ‎zigzag groin. The results also show that for different per cent of opening, the maximum scours ‎depth in the two-row along each other is about 85% more than the zigzag groin. However, as the ‎percentage of openness decreases from 70% to 30% in the two-step open breakwater, the Zigzag ‎rate of increase of the maximum scour depth is almost the same.‎

In this study, to simulate streamflow time series in ungauged catchments, the parameters of two HBV and IHACRES hydrological models were transfer from gauged (donor) to ungauged catchments using three main regionalization methods including Physical Similarity (PS), Multiple Regression (MR), Spatial Proximity (SP) and an integrated method (IDW-PS). This study was carried out using daily data including precipitation, temperature and evaporation related to at 21 sub-catchments in Hamoun-Jazmourian River Basin in southeast Iran over a 14-year period (2004-2016). Regionalization methods were studied under three modes: temporal (transferring across different periods), spatial (transferring between same calibration periods but different sites) and spatiotemporal (transferring across both different periods and sites). The results indicated that: (1) the more complex HBV model showed better results than the simple model, so that the average NSE coefficients in two different periods in the HBV model were 0.625, 0.57 and 0.5 for calibration, validation and the most appropriate regionalization method (physical similarity) respectively, while these values for IHACRES model were 0.57, 0.51 and 0.46, (2) multiple regression method with mean NSE coefficients equal to 0.2 and 0.24 for HBV and IHACRES models showed the worst regionalization results and (3) the HBV parameters related to snow and runoff components, were associated with highest and lowest uncertainties respectively, while for the IHACRES, the most and least robustness parameters were plant stress threshold factor, f and the proportion of slow flow to total flow, vs respectively.

Study of soil hydraulic properties such as saturated hydraulic conductivity in flow studies in porous media is necessary. Determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity using direct methods in spite of technological advances is still time consuming. In addition, due to the high spatial variability of ks, it is very difficult to determine this parameter especially in the case of large - scale studies such as a basin. Therefore, in the present study, Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity.For this purpose, 60 soil samples were taken from different parts of east Azerbaijan province and physical parameters including pH,Ec, organic carbon content, bulk density, sand,clay and silt percentages were measured, Between field and laboratory methods, a field method was used to determine water saturation of soil at the top of the water table. In the next step, input data to the model were defined in nine different models. Then 70% of the data were considered for model training and 30% for the test data. To evaluate the performance of ANFIS, statistical indices of mean deviation error (MBE), Nash Sutcliffe (NS) and root mean square error (RMSE) were considered. The results showed that the AFIS model with the sixth pattern has the best performance with statistics, MBE and RMSE equal to 2.45, 1.72 (cm/ h) and NS, equal to 0.96.